Preface
Part One Tunneling through the“Environmental Mountain”
Decoupling Indicators and Decoupling Charts
Chapter 1 Tunneling through the “Environmental Mountain” Ⅰ
11 Introduction
12 Theoretical analysis
13 Examples
131 Examples on the national level
132 Examples on provincial level
14 Estimation of environmental load of China
15 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2 Equations for Resource Use and Waste Emission
21 IPAT equation
22 IGT equation—Resource use in the process of economic growth
221 IGT equation
222 Another form of IGT equation
223 Critical value of t
224 Reasonable coordination between g and t
23 IeGTX equation—Waste emission in the process of economic growth
231 IeGTX equation
232 Another form of IeGTX equation
233 Critical value of x
Chapter 3 Tunneling through the “Environmental Mountain”Ⅱ
31 Introduction
32 Theoretical analysis
321 Resource use
322 Waste emission
33 Examples
34 Estimation of environmental load of China
References
Chapter 4 Decoupling Indicators and Decoupling Charts
41 Introduction
42 The decoupling indicator for resource use
43 The decoupling indicator for waste emission
44 Decoupling chart
441 Decoupling chart for resource use
442 Decoupling chart for waste emission
45 Examples on the national level
451 Data collection
452 Decoupling situations for the USA and China
453 Discussion
46 Conclusion
References
Appendix 1 Discussion on the decoupling factor Df
Appendix 2 Discussion on the elasticity
Chapter 5 Decoupling Analysis of Four Selected Countries
51 Introduction
52 Methods and data
521 Decoupling indicators and decoupling chart
522 Data collection
53 Results
531 Decoupling of DEU
532 Decoupling of energy use
533 Decoupling of SO2 emissions
54 Discussion
541 Discussion on the different decoupling conditions of these four countries
542 Distinguishing decoupling indicator from the changing rate of resource use waste emissions
55 Conclusions
References
Part Two Substance Flow Analysis
Chapter 6 Two Approaches of Substance Flow Analysis
61 Introduction
62 Some notes on fluid mechanics
63 Specific feature of substance flow
631 The chain of product life cycles
632 The chain group of product life cycles
64 The L method of substance flow analysis
641 The L model of unsteady substance flow
642 The L model of steady substance flow
65 The E method of substance flow analysis
651 The E model of unsteady substance flow
652 The E model of steady substance flow
66 Discussion
67 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7 An Alternative Way of Substance Flow Analysis
71 Introduction
72 Methods for studying substance flow
73 Modeling of substance flow
74 Basic equations of substance flow
75 Illustrative example
76 Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 8 On Steel Scrap Resources for Steel Industry
81 Introduction
82 Analysis
821 Several different sources of steel scrap
822 Steel scrap index
823 The relationship between output of steel and steel scrap index
83 Case study—The estimation of steel scrap index for China， the USA and Japan
831 Variation of annual output of steel
832 Method of estimating steel scrap index
833 The estimation of steel scrap index
834 Summary
84 Discussions
841 China
842 USA
843 Japan
85 Conclusions
References
Chapter 9 Eco-efficiency of Lead in China’s Lead-acid Battery System
91 Introduction
911 Background
912 The present study
92 Primary regulations
921 Methodology: The lead-flow diagram in the LAB system
922 Results and discussion
93 A Case study: The eco-efficiency of lead in China’s LAB system
931 Brief description of lead flow in the LAB system
932 Data sources
933 Results and discussion
94 Conclusions
References
Chapter 10 Copper Recycling in China
101 Introduction
1011 Background
1012 The investigative status quo of copper recycling in China and abroad
102 Copper-flow diagram for copper products life cycle
103 An analysis of copper recycling for China in 2002
1031 A copper-flow diagram for copper products life cycle for China in 2002
1032 The copper ore index， copper resource efficiency and copper
scrap index of the copper industry for China in 2002
104 Results and discussion
105 Conclusions
References
Chapter 11 Bulk-Material Flow Analysis
111 Introduction
112 Basic B-MFA model
113 Hidden flows
114 Recyclable resources
1141 Categories of recyclable resources
1142 The recycling time of resources
1143 The difference between amounts of recycled materials in the years τ and τ +1
1144 The influence of total input amount of resources on the cyclical use rate m3，τ
115 Two important B-MFA indicators
116 Case study on national level
References
Chapter 12 Resou
內容試閱：
The editor’s note: This article was the first to carry out the quantitative analysis of the “environmental mountain”， though the analysis was restricted to the relationship between GDP and energy use or resource use only， and there was nothing to do with waste emission. The reason of doing so in this article was that the research work on revising the “master equation” in Industrial Ecology was still in its earlier stage. At that time， the problem of splitting the master equation into two equations one of them for resource use， and the another—for waste emission was not resolved as yet.
Chapter 1 Tunneling through the “Environmental Mountain” Ⅰ
Lu Zhongwu， Mao Jiansu
December， 2003
1.1 Introduction
The typical curve showing the relationship between development and environmental load followed by nations participating in the Industrial Revolution of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries is shown in Fig.1.1a. The abscissa can be divided into three segments: the unconstrained Industrial Revolution， during which the levels ① ls of resource use and waste increased very rapidly; ② the period of immediate remedial action， in which the most egregious examples of excess were addressed; and ③ the period of the longer-term vision not yet implemented， in which one can postulate that the environmental load will be reduced to a small or even negligible proportion while a reasonably high quality of life is maintained[1].
Fig.1.1 The relationship between resource use and the state of development
One can think of the curve in Fig.1.1a as an “environmental mountain”EM. Developed countries have basically tramped over the mountain; their economies have grown dramatically， however， a heavy environmental price has been paid for this Contact email: maojs@bnu.edu.cn growth.
Developing countries have started their industrialization much later， but they are now on course. In the next few decades， developing countries should hopefully avoid repeating the industry-environmental mistakes of the previous Industrial Revolution. The right way of economic development for them is tunneling through the EM on the halfway up the mountain， instead of the traditional way of tramping over the top of the mountain， as Fig.1.1b shows. Thus， the environmental price will be lower， while the economic growth will be the same[2].
In order to realize the idea of tunneling through the EM for developing countries， the most important issue is to make up their mind， as soon as possible， to adopt resolute measures for lowering， as much as possible， the increment of the environmental load during economic growth.
It should be emphasized that this opportunity of choice knocks only once. It would have been too late， if the decision were made several years later.
Another important issue for tunneling through the EM smoothly is to carry out further studies on the relationship between economic growth and the environmental load. It is still not yet quite clear under which conditions the environmental load increases， stays constant， or decreases. The curve in Fig.1.1a tells us merely the history of the environmental load variation during economic growth. It does not deal with the above question in detail. If some simple equations can be formulated in this respect， it would be beneficial to the scientific analysis and planning of environmental issues on national and regional levels. It is of great importance， particularly for developing countries， as they are on their way of industrialization， which is a long way for them to go until its completion. If environmental problems are unable to be analyzed and planned scientifically， the occurrence of serious environmental and resource difficulties will be possible.
Environmental studies should be carried out in connection with industrial development， unless it is impossible to understand the problems concerned clearly. This point of view became popular in the 1980’s. In recent years， many papers and monographs in this regard[3-6]， which are worthy of further reference and review， have been published.
In this chapter， we will carry out the study on the relationship between the environmental load and economic growth; analyze the environmental data of several countries and several provinces of China in connection with their economic growth; and calculate the environmental load of China in the years 2005， 2010 and 2020 based on certain assumptions.
1.2 Theoretical analysis
The IPAT equation is expressed as follows[7，8]
I =P×A×T 1.1
where I is environmental load， including resource uses and waste; P is population; A is per capita gross domestic product; T is environmental load per unit of gross domestic product.
Let P×A=G， then Eq.1.1 becomes
I =G×T 1.2
where G is gross domestic product， GDP. Eq.1.2 defines the relationship between environmental load and gross domestic product. Dividing both sides of Eq.1.1 by P， we get is per capita environmental load. Eq.1.3 defines the relationsh
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